Cooperation

Open Access Article

1 - Multilateral Export Control Regimes: a Legal Mechanism or Tool of Political Pressure?
غلامحسین دهقانی فاطمه هاشمی

Multilateral export control regimes are among major tools used by developed Western countries during the past six decades to maintain their technological supremacy under the pretext of preventing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. These regimes have grown and More

Multilateral export control regimes are among major tools used by developed Western countries during the past six decades to maintain their technological supremacy under the pretext of preventing proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. These regimes have grown and developed unprecedentedly in both quantitative and qualitative terms especially in the past decade following 9/11 terrorist attacks. Opponents and proponents have offered various viewpoints on the legality or illegality of these regimes on the basis of the international law. This research first presents a theoretical framework for the assessment of those viewpoints. Since both opponents and proponents have emphasized on the relationship between these regimes and international nonproliferation regimes, their implications for availability of equipment and material related to weapons of mass destruction, conventional weapons, missiles, and dual-use goods and material are briefly discussed. Finally, developments of these regimes in addition to viewpoints of proponents and opponents about legality and illegality of export control regimes are explained using a comparative study of commitments of states members of these regimes and their commitments under international nonproliferation treaties. The conclusion is that such export control regimes, which have been developed by their members to create monopoly on technical know-how and technology, are incompatible with commitments of member states under international law Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - International Responsibility of OPCW to Foster Peaceful Cooperation
شاهرخ شاکریان

The Chemical Weapons Convention, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1992, constitutes the most important international legal instrument on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. The present pa More

The Chemical Weapons Convention, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1992, constitutes the most important international legal instrument on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. The present paper intends to explore the commitment of the Convention to fostering peaceful chemical cooperation as envisioned in Articles 8 and 11, and also to assess the international responsibility of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Therefore, the main question of this paper is: “Under what conditions and according to what principles can this Organization be held responsible with regard to its commitment to fostering peaceful international cooperation in the field of chemical activities?” As discussed in this paper, according to the provisions of Article 11 of the Convention, the Organization is under definitive obligations to bolster international cooperation. The paper also shows that the measures taken by the Australia Group, whose members are also Member States of the OPCW, in expanding prohibitions and restrictions of the Convention are incompatible with the provisions of the Convention and, therefore, its members are in violation of the Convention. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Territory of Greater Iran, Good Ground for Regional Arrangement
علی زینی وند

The preset paper discusses major components of a new regional arrangement within the cultural territory of greater Iran. It represents an effort to explore both elements of convergence that make up a regional arrangement, and the elements of divergence that disturb it. More

The preset paper discusses major components of a new regional arrangement within the cultural territory of greater Iran. It represents an effort to explore both elements of convergence that make up a regional arrangement, and the elements of divergence that disturb it. Three common factors that have been identified and assessed include: a. territorial unity, b. common history and destiny, and c. common culture and cultural factors. It seems that if players in this region cooperated, unifying variables in the territory of greater Iran would be able to turn it into a prosperous and powerful region in all fields. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Revisiting SCO According to 3rd Generation of Regionalism Theories
محسن خلیلی معصومه زارعی‌هدک

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional organization established to build confidence among member states; fight terrorism, religious extremism and separatism; and to counteract the United States unilateralism in international system. China, Russia, and Cen More

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a regional organization established to build confidence among member states; fight terrorism, religious extremism and separatism; and to counteract the United States unilateralism in international system. China, Russia, and Central Asian countries (except Turkmenistan) are its members with Iran, India, Pakistan and Mongolia being observers. Shanghai Cooperation Organization is part of convergence process in Asia, but it was established under conditions different from regionalism in Asia. Regionalism in Asia can be explained within three generations of theories, including hegemonic regionalism, independent regionalism, and modern regionalism. This paper redefines SCO according to third-generation theories of regionalism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Impact of Cooperation and Competition of Shanghai’s Members on its Goals and Performance: 2001- 2013
reza simbar مهدی هدایتی شهیدانی

The power vacuum within the Central Asia in the aftermath of the Cold War led the regional actors to create an integrative structure. Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) signifies the sensitivity and determination of its founding members towards More

The power vacuum within the Central Asia in the aftermath of the Cold War led the regional actors to create an integrative structure. Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) signifies the sensitivity and determination of its founding members towards international, regional and local issues. The inherent rivalry and conflict in facing security crisis within the cooperative framework of SCO was the natural result of the presence of two nuclear and economic power, Russia and China, alongside micro-actors. This paper explains the nature of the communication system governing the relations among SCO members through the regional security arrangements approach. The hypothesis that “gathering of various approaches within the SCO would lead to increased cooperative relations, but also competetive and interest-maximiser” will be tested against various historical, geopolitical and economic variables. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Opposition Groups and the Competency of International Organizations; The Case Study of Arab League and Organization for Islamic Cooperation’s action vis-a-vis Opposition to Libyan and Syrian Governments
Amir Hossein ranjbarian شهزاد رییسی

With the upsurge of conflicts between governments and oppositions and these conflicts escalating and reaching the border of non-international armed conflicts, we are witnessing the reaction of other governments and international organizations to what is happening in the More

With the upsurge of conflicts between governments and oppositions and these conflicts escalating and reaching the border of non-international armed conflicts, we are witnessing the reaction of other governments and international organizations to what is happening in these situations. Reactions that sometimes have lead to dominance of one party over another and sometimes have only flared up the flames of conflicts. However, what is important in addition to (above all of) these kinds of stances and the results of such stances, is the competence of these international organizations for their performance, which until recently could be considered as interference in one of the most sensitive and important internal affairs of governments- who are the most important members of the international community. In this paper, by studying on the competence of international organizations and case studying of two important international organizations which are the Arab League and Organization of Islamic Cooperation, during recent years’ conflicts in Libya and Syria, we will try to resolve as much ambiguities as possible in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Role of Regional Organizations in Reducing Regional Challenges; The Case of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
hojat mahkooee hassan bavir

After World War II, particularly since 1960s, international cooperation gained prominence within the framework of regional organizations by elevating regional cooperation. Expansion of cooperation through regional organizations are deemed as an approach to exit from int More

After World War II, particularly since 1960s, international cooperation gained prominence within the framework of regional organizations by elevating regional cooperation. Expansion of cooperation through regional organizations are deemed as an approach to exit from international crisis, and to multiply power in facing new issues of today’s world. Regionalisation leads to development of economic cooperation, political and security harmonisation. It can reinforce regional peace and security by providing peaceful solutions for existing regional conflicts or potential ones. The Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) replaced the Regional Development Cooperation Organisation with aims of improving conditions for sustainable developments of members, expansion of regional and international trade, facilitating gradual integration with global economy, increased integration amongst public sector of member states and expanding tourism. This article highlights ECO’s role in reducing regional challenges and further integration between member states Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Status of OIC Member States in the Main Organs of the United Nations
ستار عزیزی

The study of the status of OIC member states in the main organs of the United Nations and their contribution in the budget of the UN is the main subject addressed by this article. The member states of OIC make up more than a quarter of UN members and they could potentia More

The study of the status of OIC member states in the main organs of the United Nations and their contribution in the budget of the UN is the main subject addressed by this article. The member states of OIC make up more than a quarter of UN members and they could potentially have an appropriate role and influence in this organization. The evaluation of the presence of Islamic countries during more than 70 years of United Nations activities show that their presence and role in some main organs such as the International Court of Justice, the UN Secretary General and the Security Council are not commensurate with the population and the size of these countries. On the other hand, however, 57 Islamic countries totally account for only about 6 percent of the budget of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Organization 173 United Nations member states in 2016 provided 15 percent of the budget of this organization, this percentage is significant. The major weakness of Islamic countries is that they do not participate as a single whole in competition for positions or in other activities of the organization but they pursue their own particular interests within the OIC individual or group outside of the OIC to follow. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The position of Shanghai cooperation organization in Chinese regional and transregional balancing strategies (2010-2020)
Mostafa Pakdel Majd Asghar Pirhadi

As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in international balance of power over the past decade, pursuing a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to expand More

As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in international balance of power over the past decade, pursuing a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to expand bilateral and multilateral relations with others. In this line, Regional and trans-regional organizations provided PRC with the Suitable foundation for achieving its security, military and economic goals and paved the way for the subsequent rearrangement of the international hierarchy of power. Given the circumstances, based on the theoretical assumptions of the balance of power theory, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the authors of the present essay have sought to answer this strategic question that "what are the main security goals that Beijing pursues in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?" The hypothesis of this essay is that through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, increasing cooperation with the Russian Federation and implementation of soft aspects of balancing strategy, China is both seeking to limit the presence of the United States in Central Asia, along with dominating this strategic region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Opposition Groups and the Competency of International Organizations; The Case Study of Arab League and Organization for Islamic Cooperation’s action vis-a-vis Opposition to Libyan and Syrian Governments
Amir Hossein ranjbarian شهزاد رییسی

With the upsurge of conflicts between governments and oppositions and these conflicts escalating and reaching the border of non-international armed conflicts, we are witnessing the reaction of other governments and international organizations to what is happening in the More

With the upsurge of conflicts between governments and oppositions and these conflicts escalating and reaching the border of non-international armed conflicts, we are witnessing the reaction of other governments and international organizations to what is happening in these situations. Reactions that sometimes have lead to dominance of one party over another and sometimes have only flared up the flames of conflicts. However, what is important in addition to (above all of) these kinds of stances and the results of such stances, is the competence of these international organizations for their performance, which until recently could be considered as interference in one of the most sensitive and important internal affairs of governments- who are the most important members of the international community. In this paper, by studying on the competence of international organizations and case studying of two important international organizations which are the Arab League and Organization of Islamic Cooperation, during recent years’ conflicts in Libya and Syria, we will try to resolve as much ambiguities as possible in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Role of Regional Organizations in Reducing Regional Challenges; The Case of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
hojat mahkooee hassan bavir

After World War II, particularly since 1960s, international cooperation gained prominence within the framework of regional organizations by elevating regional cooperation. Expansion of cooperation through regional organizations are deemed as an approach to exit from int More

After World War II, particularly since 1960s, international cooperation gained prominence within the framework of regional organizations by elevating regional cooperation. Expansion of cooperation through regional organizations are deemed as an approach to exit from international crisis, and to multiply power in facing new issues of today’s world. Regionalisation leads to development of economic cooperation, political and security harmonisation. It can reinforce regional peace and security by providing peaceful solutions for existing regional conflicts or potential ones. The Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) replaced the Regional Development Cooperation Organisation with aims of improving conditions for sustainable developments of members, expansion of regional and international trade, facilitating gradual integration with global economy, increased integration amongst public sector of member states and expanding tourism. This article highlights ECO’s role in reducing regional challenges and further integration between member states. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Assessing the factors affecting China's economic interaction with selected trade blocs, Comparative study; Persian Gulf Cooperation Council and Eurasia
mehrdad Alipour reza simbar

Given China's urgent need for sustainable energy to reduce energy vulnerabilities and maximize its growing power in international politics and relations, the rising country has sought to build energy cooperation in recent years. A special political-economic relationship More

Given China's urgent need for sustainable energy to reduce energy vulnerabilities and maximize its growing power in international politics and relations, the rising country has sought to build energy cooperation in recent years. A special political-economic relationship with the countries present in the GCC and the Eurasian Strategic Region will emerge. In this regard, the authors of the present study with a descriptive-analytical-comparative approach and based on library documents, have sought to answer the strategic question that the People's Republic of China in the light of deepening relations by analyzing and examining the growing presence of Beijing in these areas. What are its political and economic goals with the member states of the Persian Gulf Council and the actors in the Eurasian strategic sphere? The hypothesis raised by the above question is that Beijing, taking into account the economic weight of the countries present in the mentioned regions and given their special position in the belt-road initiative, has tried to pursue its new geopolitical strategies through effort. To ensure sustainable security of access to energy, maintain target markets based on the Belt-Road Initiative, as well as increase cooperation with regional partners, extend to the Persian Gulf and Eurasia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - China Regime-building in the Persian Gulf; China-Persian Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Area
بهاره سازمند Ahmad Ramezani

Regime building is considered as one of China's tools to expand and deepen cooperation with the other parties, the use of which has been continuously increasing. The main question of the present study is why has China moved towards regime-building with Persian Gulf Coop More

Regime building is considered as one of China's tools to expand and deepen cooperation with the other parties, the use of which has been continuously increasing. The main question of the present study is why has China moved towards regime-building with Persian Gulf Cooperation Council? The present article argues in an explanatory Method that China has turned to regime-building with Persian Gulf Cooperation Council in order to gain and maximize its economic interests. The findings show that China began talks to establish a China-Persian Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Area to boost economic trade ($ 25 billion in 2004). This increased trade volume to more than $ 90 billion in 2008 and to more than $ 180 billion in 2019. China is currently expanding its free trade area to other areas, especially trade in services and investments. The theoretical framework and the method of data collection of the present article are the theory of international interest-based regimes and documentary, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - جایگاه سازمان همکاری شانگهای در راهبردهای موازنه‌جویانۀ منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای چین (2020-2010)
Mostafa Pakdel Majd Asghar Pirhadi

As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in politics and international relations over the past decade, taking a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to ex More

As an emerging power in the post-Soviet era, the People's Republic of China has experienced an unprecedented upward trend in politics and international relations over the past decade, taking a strategic approach in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to expand bilateral and multilateral relations with others. In this line, Regional and trans-regional organizations and countries provided PRC with the Suitable foundation for achieving its security, military and economic goals and paved the way for the subsequent rearrangement of the international hierarchy of power. Given the circumstances, based on the theoretical assumptions of the theory of balance of power, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the authors of the present essay have sought to answer this strategic question that "what are the main security goals that Beijing pursues in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?" The hypothesis of this essay is that through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, increasing cooperation with the Russian Federation and implementation of Soft aspects of balancing strategy, China is both seeking to limit the active presence of the United States in Central Asia and also dominate this strategic region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The Impact of Iran's Permanent Membership in the Shanghai Organization on Its Geopolitical Weight in the Central Asia
Hamid Hakim Mahboubeh Iran nia

Capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Considering the membership of two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (Russia and China) in this organization, having more than a third of the world's population, considerable size, large capacitie More

Capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Considering the membership of two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (Russia and China) in this organization, having more than a third of the world's population, considerable size, large capacities and abundant capabilities, promises a potentially strong coalition. Due to the permanent membership of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this organization, it seems that examining the consequences of Iran's membership in this organization in the form of explaining the opportunities and challenges of membership, can Facilitate policy making in foreign policy of Iran about this issue. This study suggests that Iran's permanent membership in this organization can increase Iran's geopolitical weight in the region and bring political, economic and security benefits to Iran. Based on this, first, we study the theoretical explanation of formation and continuation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and then while analyzing the reasons for non-membership of the Islamic Republic of Iran to now; the consequences of permanent membership in the current situation in this organization are examined. Manuscript profile

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